Study on Passion Flower and Its Product

PA A A A assiSur le ffaibleer (PassiflOu bienaedulis),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, also known as passiSur le frusSur le, egg frusSur lesssssssssss, belSur legs to Le cSur leseil des mdunsistres Passifloraaceae Passiflora perennial evergreen woody vdanse plantes, native to South America, is now widely distributed dans Le cSur leseil des mdansistres world' Stropical Et en plus subtropical regiSur les, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, T T ThailEt en plus, Malaysia Et en plus dansdSur leesia Et en plus oLe cSur leseil des mdansistresr countries pour Le cSur leseil des mdansistres madans producdansg areas, Le cSur leseil des mdansistres domestic passiSur le flower is widely cultivated dans Jiangsu, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, dans La Chdanse, passion flower is widely cultivated dans Jiangsu, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangdong, Hadansan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan Et en plus oLe conseil des mdansistresr warm climate areas..................................... Le conseil des mdansistresre are seven variEt Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et Et eties De la passion flower dans Le conseil des mdansistres plant list, among which yellow-fruitssssssssed Et en plus purple-fruited passion flowers are Le conseil des ministres most common varieties Et en plus have considerable economic value.

With its rich saveur Et en plus nutrient-rich ripe fruits, passion flower is De laten eaten fresh or squeezed into Jus de fruits, Et en plus is known as Le conseil des ministres “king De la Jus de fruitss”. dans recent years, passion flower has become popular pour its balanced nutritional Et en plus health benefits, Et en plus oLe conseil des ministresr parts De la Le conseil des ministres passion flower have also been exploited. dans Le conseil des ministres United States Et en plus European countries, passionflower is used as an ornamental plant in gardens because De la its large Et en plus beautiful flowers, Et en plus its feuilles are widely used as sedatives; Le conseil des ministres rind De la Le conseil des ministres fruit has a haute Contenu du site De la polyphenols, fibers Et en plus trace elements, Et en plus is widely used in Le conseil des ministres production De la wine or tea, cooking dishes, the Extrait extraition De la pectin Et en plus medicinal ingredients, as well as the Le Le processusEn utilisant De la fodder, Et en plus the seeds are edible Et en plus rich in proteins Et en plus fatty acidees (mainly made up De la linoleic, oleic Et en plus palmitic acids).

As an important cash crop, passion flower has a great potentiel for Le développement Et en plus broad application worldwide, whether it is used for the production De la fresh fruits, or as a formulation for La nourriture, health care products or pharmaceuticals. In this paper, the La recherche De la passion flower at home Et en plus abroad in recent years is reviewed in terms De la its geographical distribution, yield, main chemical Composition du groupe, processing Et en plus utilization, Et en plus the current situation De la introduction Et en plus cultivation in La Chine as well as the Le développement De la the Industrie et services, in order to provide reference for the in-depth Le développement Et en plus utilization De la passion flower.

1 Geographical distribution Et en plus production

In the 16th century, the Spaniards discovered passionflower in the American continent, Et en plus then it spread rapidly to Europe Et en plus other places, Et en plus Par: the end De la the 19th century, it had been widely distributed in many tropical Et en plus subtropical places in the old Et en plus Nouveau: continents.1 Although the records De la Passiflora have existed since 1553, the number De la genera Et en plus species De la Passiflora has always been controversiAl., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et al. According to certains published scientific studies, Passifloraceae consists De la 18-23 genera Et en plus more than 500-700 species [12-14]. Among them, the genus Passiflora has the largest number De la species in the Passifloraceae, avec about 500 species [15]. Nowadays, passion flower species are distributed all over the world, Et en plus about 96% De la them are found in America, especially in Brazil Et en plus Colombia, avec an estimated 150 Et en plus 170 species respectively, among which 89 species are endemic to Brazil [16-17].

Le conseil des ministrespurple-fruited passion flower is native to the edge De la the tropical rain forest near the Tropic De la Capricorn in southern Brazil, northern Argentina Et en plus Paraguay. The yellow-fruited passion flower is a mutant De la the purple-fruited species, which is believed to have originated in Brazil, while some believe that it is still to be proved, Et en plus it has been documented that the yellow-fruited passion flower was introduced to Hawaii À partir de Australia, Et en plus it developed rapidly in the local area [18].

The yellow-fruited passion flower is more suitable to grow in the low elevation areas De la the tropics, Et en plus also suitable for the warmer subtropical areas, avec a weaker cold hardiness than the purple-fruited species, Et en plus a stronger disease resistance than the purple-fruited species. The purple-fruited passion flower is one De la the most cold-tolerant species De la passion flower, growing abundantly at an altitude De la 600 to 2,000 m Et en plus a precipitation De la 706 to 1,270 mm, Et en plus it is suitable for the cool tropical mountainous areas or close to the mountainous areas as well as the subtropical areas with high altitude Et en plus less warmth Et en plus La chaleur［18-19］. The yield De la yellow-fruited species is as high as 50 t/hm2 , while the yield De la purple-fruited passion flower is relatively low, 10-15 t/hm2 [20].

According to the report De la FAO, À partir de 2015 to En 2017, the global production De la passion fruit reached 1.5 million tons on average [21], Et en plus Brazil is the main producer, accounting for about 65% De la the global production, followed by Colombia Et en plus Indonesia, Et en plus at the same time, Brazil is the world's largest consumer De la passion fruit, Et en plus it is difficult to meet the demEt en plus for domestic supply. In terms De la international suppliers, Ecuador is the largest exporter, followed by Australia Et en plus Nouveau: ZealEt en plus. By the end De la 2020, the Total total annual production De la passion fruit in La Chine reached 883,900 tons, and the international trade is dominated by the import De la fruit Jus de fruits [18].

2 Chemical composition and nutritional value

Nutritional composition De la purple fruit species and yellow fruit Jus de fruits is shown in Table 1. The protein content De la passion fruit is low, especially the purple fruit species. Some studies have shown that the protein content De la the pericarp and Pâte à papier De la purple-fruited passion flower is similar, with 64.7～75 mg/g DW and 65.3～77 mg/g DW respectively, and the highest content in the seeds is 122～132 mg/g DW, which is comparable to that De la other seeds, such as maize and oats［22］.

Cependant, laamino acid content is rich, and some scholars have measured that the total amino acid content per 100 g De la fresh fruit De la Zingiber De laficinale is 1,269.35 mg, higher than that De la dragon fruit and kiwifruit, and the essential amino acid content is 296.54 mg, which accounts for 23.36% De la the total amount De la amino acid and is higher than that De la loquat and peach［18,23].

From Table 1, it can be seen that the content De la carbohydrates and soluble sugars in the lotus is second only to water, and a small amount De la branched-chain starch exists in its carbohydrates [24], and the soluble sugars are mainly composed De la glucose, fructose and sucrose, and the sugar content De la fruits De la différent varieties and planting areas are différent in terms De la type and proportion, and also affected by the stage De la ripening De la the fruits, the growth conditions and the environment [25].

 In terms De la minerals, except for the differences in the elemental contents De la P and Fe, the contents De la the other elements were the same between the purple and yellow fruit species. Passiflora fruit pulp or juice is a natural source De la vitamin C. The content De la vitamin C in purple fruit passionfruit juice is higher than that in yellow fruit, and compared with other vitamin C-rich fruits such as oranges and kiwi peaches, a large amount De la ribDe lalavin and nicotinic acid also exists in passionfruit [26-27].

3 Processing and utilization

Passiflora fruits can be processed and utilized À partir de the inside to the outside, and the sweetness De la yellow fruits is better than that De la purple fruits, which is highly accepted by the public and is mainly eaten fresh. The purple fruit taste sour, most people are difficult to accept, the price is also cheaper, is now used in processing and utilization, can save costs. The pulp can be eaten directly or used as a seasoning for salads, ice cream and other fruits, and other culinary uses include the production De la fruit juice, liqueur, yogurt, jam, jelly and preserved fruits, etc. [19].

3.1 Juice

Passion fruit juice is rich in nutrients, unique flavor, special taste, is a high-La qualité food processing raw materials. Passionfruit juice is De laten added to other fruit juices to enhance the aroma, but because De la its high acidity, need to add sugar processing into a composite product to have a better edible. At present, passion fruit juice is mainly used for processing into fruit juice compound drinks, fruit wine, fruit vinegar, dried fruit and so on. Ren Erfang et al. believe that the La qualité De la dried fruit produced by adding 30% passion fruit juice is better.

A study reported that by adding to the passion fruit juice such as papaya [28], pomelo [29], pomegranate pineapple [30] and other fruit juices in the appropriate process conditions to obtain a composite beverage color uniformity, fruit aroma and coordination, sweet and sour and palatable. Produit:ion De la passion fruit juice of two important links are stabilization and sterilization Le traitement. Yang Yang et al [31] used spatial-time extinction mapping technology to determine the effet of different stabilizers on the stability of passionfruit juice, and found that the optimal additive ratios of the compound were 0.35% CMC-Na+0.15% agar and 0.30% CMC-Na+0.20% agar, which had the lowest settling rate and high stability of the juice. Zhu Xianghao et al [32] used ultra-high pressure to sterilize the fruit juice of passion fruit, which had a better sterilizing effet compared with pasteurization and extended the shelf-life of 27 d. In addition, some merchants are launching the Nouveau:est product of passion fruit juice, which is the first one in the world, which is the first one in the world.

In addition, some merchants are launching chinois medicines such as wolfberry, peony and other preparation of passion fruit tea [33], not only the aroma is suitable, taste refreshing, but also has to replenish vitamins, enhance immunity, nourish the skin, anti-fatigue and other functions, loved by the people.

3.2 Seeds

The fruit of Lotus corniculatus contains about 160 seeds, the mass of which accounts for about 10% of the fruit weight. The seeds are the most protein (13.2% of DW) and lipid (14.9% of DW) rich part of the fruit of the passion flower, and contain dietary fiber similar to that of the fruit skin, with fibrillin accounting for 521 mg/g DW, and hemicellulose and lignin with lower contents of 24 and 22 mg/g DW, respectively, which means that the dietary fibers present in the seeds are mainly insoluble [34]. The intake of insoluble dietary fiber can prevent constipation and hemorrhoids, and is beneficial to weight management and intestinal health [22].

Passion flower seed oil contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, of which linoleic acid is the main unsaturated fatty acid, containing 69.3%, in addition to oleic acid (14.4%), palmitic acid (10.1%), and stearic acid (2.9%), which not only helps the body to remove free radicals, delay aging, but also promotes the absorption of a variety of vitamins [35]. At present, the development and utilization of passion flower seeds mainly focus on the extraction and processing of seed oil, the development of supercritical extraction and microwave extraction method has increased the oil yield À partir de the seeds, and the extracted seed oil is more antioxidant, with a free radical removal rate of more than 80%, which can be used in cooking and the development of whitening and anti-wrinkle efficacy of the tea cream and other functional products.

3.3 Peel

The skin of the fruit of the lotus accounts for about 51% of the wet weight of the fruit and is the main waste of processing. With the development of economy and people's awareness of environmental protection, passion fruit peel has been used in Industrie et services. Passion fruit rind has the highest fiber content, accounting for 61.7% of the dry weight. The second is pectin, and it was found that the highest pectin content was 337 mg/g DW in the yellow fruit rind and 329 mg/g DW in the purple fruit[36].

Some studies have shown that the amount of extracted pectin is closely related to the extraction method [34, 37]. The pectin extracted À partir de the pericarp after optimization of the method showed similar La qualité to that of commercial pectin, with good gel-forming ability, high gel stability, good La qualité in acidic environment, and two times higher viscosity［38］. Pectin is used as a nutrient fiber delivery, gelling agent, food coating and stabilizer in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, especially in the production of candies, jellies and other products [39].

Therefore, passion fruit peels can be used for the development of new fiber-rich health foods and as a potential alternative source of commercial pectin for incorporation into different food formulations [38]. GABA, which is associés with antihypertensive Activité:, was also detected in the methanolic extract of passion fruit rind in high concentrations (2.4-4.4 mg/g DW), and was associated with a decrease in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats [40]. It has been reported that the pericarp of the purple fruit also contains carotenoids and anthocyanin-3 glucosides. In conclusion, the skin of the fruit is a widely used functional food raw material, which can be used as a source of pectin and pharmaceutical ingredients, or added to animal feed [4].

4 Post-harvest preservation technology

Due to vigorous physiological metabolism, passion fruit after harvesting water loss is severe, the La qualité will deteriorate rapidly, the shelf life is very short. The respiratory peak occurs in the third d of postharvest storage, and the appearance and quality of the fruit begin to decline［41-42］. Teng Jing et al. showed that HDPE film (high-density polyethylene) packaging of passion fruit had better storage effect than carton, foam box, LDPE film (low-density polyethylene), aluminum foil and PVDC film (polyvinylidene chloride) [42]. Mon - sun et al. showed that high oxygen (90%) air-conditioned packaging could effectively inhibit the respiration and peeling of passion fruit, maintain vitamin C and solubility, increase the total phénolique content of passion fruit, and improve the quality of passion fruit after picking［43］.

Chen Lifeng et al. showed that when the fruit of passion fruit was stored at 6℃ and 8℃ for 28 d, the good fruit rate could reach more than 90% [44]. Meng Xiangchun et al. showed that 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-treated fruits stored at room La température for 4 d delayed the yellowing of the fruit surface, and the flavor was close to that of the freshly picked fruits stored at room La température for 2 d [45]. Zhong Zhiwei found that microporous packaging (MP) combined with chitosan coating (CH) could effectively reduce water loss, inhibit microbial growth, inhibit fruit weight loss, effectively improve antioxidant level, reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, and delay the degradation of original pectin, cellulose and hemifibrillin, and extend the shelf-life of peperomia fruit À partir de 3 to 12 d at ambient storage [46]. The shelf life of passion fruit was extended from 3 d to 12 d at room temperature［46］. Luo Donglan et al. found that the combined treatment of melatonin and 1MCP was more effective than single treatment in delaying fruit aging and maintaining fruit quality during the storage period of passion fruit [47].

5 Cultivation État d’avancement and industrial development

Cultivation of passion flower in La Chine has a history of 100 years, dating back to 1901 [48], although it was introduced earlier, but the development of domestic passion flower Industrie et services is relatively late. According to incomplete statistics, in 2007, the total area of passion flower cultivation in La Chine (excluding Taiwan Province) was about 2,300 hm2, among which: Guangxi 800 hm2, Chongqing 730 hm2, Yunnan 330 hm2, Guangdong 200 hm2, Fujian 100 hm2, Hainan 70 hm2, and the rest of the country cultivated sporadically with about 100 hm2［8］. By the end of 2017, the cultivation area of Fujian passion flower was nearly 7,000 hm2, and the cultivation area of Fujian was about 1,000 hm2. At the end of 2017, the cultivated area of Fujian passion flower was nearly 7,000 hm2 , and the cultivated area was 2 times longer than that of last year［ 49］.

By the end of À partir de 2018 the cultivated area of passion flower in Guangxi amounted to 23,534 hm2, and the output amounted to 22.0 million t, the cultivated area and output were the first in La Chine, followed by Fujian and Guangdong, the cultivated area of passion flower was about 10,000 and 6,500 hm2 respectively, and the annual output amounted to 20 and 125,000 t respectively [50-51]. Yunnan ranks fourth, with a cultivated area of 3,000 hm2 and an output of 48,000 tons. The cultivated area of passion flower in Hainan Province is about 333.33 hm2, and the winter market is in the shortage season of passion flower in Guangxi and Fujian provinces and regions [52]. In 2019, the cultivated area of passion flower in Guangxi exceeds 20,000 hm2 [50]. Guizhou passion flower large-scale, commercialization planting began in 2016, the orchard area from 4,700 hm2 in 2019 to 11,200 hm2 in 2020, the planting scale jumped to the third in the country, only after Guangxi and Fujian [ 53 ].

In recent years, thanks to the development of the Internet + e-commerce platform and national policy support, the domestic passion flower Industrie et services development is accelerating, the emergence of large-scale commercial planting, Yunnan, as the domestic passion flower planting conditions in the best areas, but also planting the passion flower of the province with significant benefits, Dehong, Xishuangbanna, Honghe, Lin Lincang, Yuxi, Wenshan and other areas will be the passion flower as a precise poverty reduction of the development of the Industrie et services focus. By the end of 2020, Dehong prefecture will have developed a total planting area of 3,800 hm2 [54]. By the end of 2020, La Chine's passion flower planting area and total output will be 73,000 hm2 and 883,900 t respectively, with an increase of 21% compared with that of 2019, and the total annual output value will be 8.09 billion yuan in 2020, which is doubled compared with that of the previous year.

With the expanding market demand, the cultivated area of passion flower in La Chine has increased greatly, and the annual cultivated area of passion flower will grow at a rate of more than 20% from 2019 to 2021 [18], and the main varieties are Tainong No. 1, Zixiang No. 1, Mantianxing and Huangjin passion flower [55]. Because of the short growth cycle, long fruiting period, mountainous areas can be planted characteristics, in recent years by many counties and districts have been preferred as a project of poverty alleviation, and is now one of the important fruit Industrie et services of rural revitalization in the provinces of the domestic hot and sub-hot zones. Guizhou, Guangxi and other places “company + cooperative + base + farmers” and other passion flower Industrie et services modèle to help poor households to transfer land in the form of shares, in poverty alleviation and rural revitalization has achieved good results.

In addition to our country, in the past 10 years, the passion flower industry in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, the Philippines and other countries is also heating up rapidly, especially in Vietnam, which has developed into the largest passion flower producing area in Southeast Asia, although the management is rough, but the industrial chain is more mature, and large-scale fruit juice processing exports have been formed [56]. At present, 90% of our imported passion fruit juice comes from Vietnam, and the domestic demand for passion fruit juice is still in a state of oversupply. Generally speaking, the factors that seriously restrict the development of passion flower industry in China are mainly as follows: lack of self-developed superior varieties suitable for the local area; unsound seedling breeding system, unstandardized seedling sales market; insufficient investment in science and technology, backward supporting technology for industrial development; low complet utilization rate of the product, insufficient deep processing capacity [57-59].

6 Prospect

Actuellement, China's passion flower industry has begun to take shape, but to long-term development, the government's policy guidance, financial support, input of scientific La recherche projects, deep-processing enterprises have an important Rôle de la commission in technical support. Suggestions are as follows: 1) strengthen the collection and utilization of passion flower germplasm Ressources ressources at the beginning of the industrial chain, selecting excellent varieties; 2) establish a virus-free healthy seedling breeding system; 3) establish a standardized cultivation technology system to achieve high efficiency and productivity. In addition, in order to avoid stagnant sales and increase the value-added, but also to strengthen the post-production processing research and development, the development of deep-processed products, to extend the industrial chain, to create a brand effect. Passionfruit as a fruit industry in the “short and quick” project, has become an important hand of the government to help farmers out of poverty, it is recommended to speed up the promotion of China's passionfruit whole industry chain development, for rural revitalization to make a greater contribution.

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