What Is the Use of Melatonin in Animal Breeding?

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N ° de catalogueelatonin (N ° de catalogueLT), chemically known as N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, is a neuroendocrine hormone primarily secreted Par: the pineal glEt en plus. It is also referred to as melatonin, melatonin, pineal hormone,pineal hormone, melatonin, Et en plus brain gold, among others. It participates in regulating multiple systems in the body and exerts effets throughout the entire organism, possessing important biological fonctions.

In recent years, there has been extensive research on the effets De la melatonin on improving livestock production performance. The safety De la melatonin and its significant potential in enhancing livestock production performance have made it a hot research topic in recent years. Therefore, exploring the mechanisms Par: which melatonin improves and enhances animal production performance while ensuring animal health is De la great significance.This paper reviews the application De la melatonin in animal husbandry and the research progress on melatonin receptors, aiming to provide a reference for further studies on its rational application in animal production.

1 Introduction to the synthèse, secretion, and functions De la melatonin

 N ° de catalogueelatonin is primarily synthesized and secreted Par: the pineal gland, avec small amounts also secreted by other organs or tissues such as the retina, parotid gland, intestine, bone marrow, and platelets.Tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTT) by tryptophan hydroxylase, and 5-HTT is then decarboxylated to form serotonin.it is converted into N-acetyl serotonin by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), and finally methylated by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HION ° de catalogueT) to form melatonin.

N ° de catalogueelatonin possesses multiple biological functions and plays a crucial R Rôle de la commission in various systems and organs. It helps improve sleep quality, regulate circadian rhythms, and its antioxydant properties help neutralize free radicals in the body, protecting against oxydatif damage.Additionally, melatonin not only inhibits tumor cellule La croissance by regulating enzymes or genes associated with tumor cells [6-7], but its secretion levels are also closely related to the regulation De la the immunitaire system [8]. Furthermore, melatonin is associated with reproductive capacity in livestock and poultry.

2 Mechanism De la action De la melatonin

Melatonin exerts various physiological regulatory effects in animals primarily by binding to melatonin receptors distributed on target organs or cells. It can also directly decompose reactive oxygen species (ROL l) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), thereby exerting natural antioxidant effects to reduce oxidative Le Le stress-induced cellular damage [9]. Melatonin receptors are divided into different subtypes, which vary among species. Currently, melatonin is primarily mediated in organisms through membrane receptors, nuclear receptors, and cytoplasmic parcourss [10]. Membrane receptors include ML1 receptors (MT1/Mel1a and MT2/Mel1b) and ML2 receptors (also known as MT3 receptors); Nuclear receptors include retinoid-like orphan receptors (ROR, divided into RORα, RORβ, and RORγ) and retinoid-like Z receptors (RZR) [9]; in the cytoplasm, melatonin can also bind to calmodulin within cells to exert its effects [11].

Zhao Y Y.H. : et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et Al., et al. [12] found that melatonin promotes cashmere La croissance by binding to the nuclear receptor RORα. Lu Z. Y. et al. [13] reported that melatonin binds to RORα on the hair follicles De la Inner Mongolia cashmere goats, stimulating hair follicle development and promoting cashmere growth. Additionally, the Innovative Research Team on Poultry Health Farming and D Disease Prevention at Tianjin Agricultural University found that melatonin may influence the expression of skeletal muscle growth factors in muscle cells of the breast and leg muscles of broiler chickens through the RORα pathway in nuclear receptors, thereby affecting muscle fiber area, breast muscle ratio, and leg muscle ratio, and improving broiler chicken slaughter performance. E. B Bouroutzika et al. [14] reported thatimplanting melatonin in pregnant ewes pendant gestation can mitigate oxidative damage caused by heat stress, thereby ensuring the reproductive performance of ewes.

Additionally, after binding to receptors, melatonin can regulate the synthesis or expression of related substances in the animal body by influencing signal transduction pathways. L lhen evaluating the effects of melatonin on milk quality, Wang Y.J J J J J J J J J J J J J. : J. : J. : et al. [15] found that melatonin inhibits milk fat synthesis by suppressing the mTOR signalisation pathway through the MT1 receptor,providing a new approach for regulating milk fat content. Diao X.G. et al. [16] found that melatonin can stimulate hair follicle differentiation and proliferation by upregulating the MAPK K pathway and expressing key genes related to secondary hair follicle development in young goats, thereby increasing cashmere production in goats.

3 Applications of melatonin in livestock production

3.1 Application of Melatonin in Cattle Production

Melatonin can influence milk production and milk quality in dairy cows. M.J. Auldist et al. [17] implanted melatonin (108 mg/head) behind the ears of grazing dairy cows, with implants administered every 4 weeks,to ensure a sustained increase in melatonin concentration. After 12 weeks, the implanted group showed significantly higher fat and protein content in milk, while lactose content decreased. R. : Avilés et al. [18] found that implanting melatonin in dry cows not only promoted lactation but also increased milk production. Additionally, D. S. Reid et al. [19] found that implanting melatonin in cows before calving did not significantly affect calf birth weight, but calves from cows implanted with melatonin at weaning had significantly higher birth weights, indicating that prepartum melatonin implantation can promote offspring growth to some extent.

In addition to improving milk quality through exogenous melatonin implantation, milk rich in natural melatonin can be produced by regulating melatonin secretion via light cycle control. China [2], Finland [20], the United Kingdom [21], and Germany [22] have all reported methods for producing milk with naturally high melatonin content through light cycle regulation.Further research into methods and mechanisms for increasing melatonin content in milk through light cycle control could lead to the development of naturally high-melatonin milk as a functional food, effectively enhancing dairy farming efficiency.

Melatonin can also improve cattle reproductive performance. Cattle reproductive performance is influenced by various factors such as age, breed, genetics, parity, nutrition, stress, oocyte quality, sperm quality, and embryo quality [23-24].Melatonin not only promotes the development and maturation of oocytes in In In vitro [25-26], but also reduces oxidative stress-induced damage to sperm quality pendant cryopreservation of genetically superior semen [27-28]. Su G.H. et al. [29] found thatmelatonin concentration of 1 × 10⁻³ mol/L pendant semen freezing provides better protective effects, while a concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L significantly improves oocyte maturation Taux des.

A. Abulaiti et al. [30] found that single or multiple injections of melatonin effectively improved reproductive performance in crossbred buffaloes pendant a reproductive trough period. Additionally, when pregnant cows cannot provide adequate nutrition to fetuses in the uterus due to seasonal factors, timely supplémentation with melatonin can alleviate this nutritional constraint and ensure adequate nutrition for fetuses[31-32].

3.2 Application of melatonin in sheep production

Melatonin application in lambs effectively promotes growth and development. Ma W.K. et al. [33] randomly divided 2-month-old lambs into three groups: a blank control group and deux groups administered subcutaneous injections of melatonin at doses of 3 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg, respectively.The results showed that the lambs in the melatonin-treated groups had significantly higher chest circumference, weight gain rate, cross-sectional area of the longest back muscle, and cross-sectional area of fat tissue compared to the control group. Additionally, the effect was more pronounced at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg than at 3 mg/kg. Wang Ziyi et al. [34] studied 65–75-day-old sheep and found that sheep implanted with melatonin at a concentration of 90 mg/kg had significantly higher average daily weight gain, growth rate, average daily increase in body height, and average daily increase in chest depth compared to non-implanted sheep.

J. A. Abecia et al. [35] found that implanting melatonin into ewes prior to lambing resulted in lambs with faster growth rates and higher daily weight gain before weaning, as well as increased fat content in the ewes' milk compared to the control group; Additionally, implanting melatonin into ewes prior to lambing helps increase milk production during lactation.

R. Avilés et al. [18] implanted melatonin into ewes on the 49th day before lambing,and the milk yield of the ewes was higher than that of the control group during the first 14 weeks of lactation. F. Le travail Canto et al. [36] also found that melatonin implantation 40 days before lambing significantly increased milk production compared to the control group.

Melatonin not only promotes sheep development and increases milk production but also has broader applications in enhancing cashmere production and quality. A. Foldes et al. [37] found that Australian wild goats injected with melatonin exhibited significantly increased cashmere weight and yield, but the effect persisted only until the first year after melatonin administration, with a decline thereafter.Duan Chunhui [38] found that the season and timing of melatonin implantation affect its efficacy,suggesting that melatonin should be implanted or injected according to the growth patterns of cashmere to achieve optimal efficacy. A.J. Nixon et al. [39] implanted 70 mg of melatonin into the bodies of pasture-raised goats. After 14 days, the primary hair follicle fibers of implanted goats had begun to grow, while those of non-implanted goats were mostly in the resting phase. M. Ibraheem et al. [40] extracted skin samples from 1-year-old male cashmere goats for in vitro experiments and found that melatonin increased hair shaft growth rate and promoted hair shaft elongation. Yang C. Le temps de travail

H. et al. [41] reported that melatonin treatment increased the total wool weight, short fiber length, and density of cashmere in goats during the first cashmere growth period compared to untreated goats. Additionally, the onset of activity in secondary hair follicles in the skin was advanced by two months. Furthermore, melatonin only affected the growth cycle of the treated cashmere and did not leave residual hazards.Melatonin promotes the growth and development of cashmere in non-moulting goats. Yang Chunhe et al. [42] implanted melatonin into non-moulting Inner Mongolia goats and found that cashmere yield and length significantly increased, with a trend toward increased density.Duan Chunhui [38] and Chu Wensheng et al. [43] also confirmed that melatonin has positive effects on both cashmere yield and quality.

Melatonin can also enhance and improve sheep reproductive performance. D. O. Kleemann et al. [44] found that implanting melatonin into Border Leicester rams in the spring improved testiculaire size, testosterone concentration, and sperm quality, thereby effectively enhancing reproductive performance and reducing variations caused by differing levels of sexual maturity among rams during spring mating, thus improving fertilization efficiency.Melatonin implantation in Lacaune rams also improved leur reproductive performance [45]. Implanting melatonin behind the ears of ewes before mating increased the number of lambs born [46].At 70–90 days of gestation, melatonin implantation effectively increased the survival rate of lambs on the third day postpartum, reduced pre-weaning mortality, and minimized economic losses [47]. Melatonin effectively improves fertilization success rates, lamb numbers, and survival rates, offering a new approach to addressing lamb mortality issues in sheep farming.

3.3 Application of melatonin in poultry and swine production

Melatonin can enhance the production efficiency of laying hens to a certain extent. Jia Y.X. et al. [48] administered melatonin to laying hens of different ages with egg production rates of <30%, 30%–90%, and >90%, and found that egg production was significantly higher than that of untreated hens.In broiler chickens, Lu Yufa et al. [49] found that adding 10 mg/kg melatonin to the diet of broiler chickens aged 1–49 days significantly increased average daily weight gain and improved feed digestibility.The Innovative Research Team on Poultry Health Farming and Disease Prevention at Tianjin Agricultural University also found that adding melatonin to broiler chicken feed improved slaughter performance, increased muscle water retention, breast muscle ratio, and leg muscle ratio, and improved muscle quality in broiler chickens.

Song Wen et al. [50] reported that melatonin supplémentation in feed only showed significant effects during the late growth stage of broiler chickens, with an optimal dose of 20 mg/kg. Additionally, V. Sabbaghi et al. [51] found that adding melatonin to the diet improved feed utilization in 2–3-week-old broiler chickens.Adding melatonin to broiler chicken diets reduces energy métabolisme levels [52], which may also be one of the reasons why melatonin improves feed utilization efficiency. Furthermore, adding melatonin during frozen sperm storage effectively prevents sperm damage and ensures fertilization rates after thawing [53].

In pig farming, Tang Chunxiang et al. [54] found that injecting melatonin can improve the growth performance and carcass quality of finishing pigs to some extent.Adding 2 mg/kg of melatonin to the diet increases the average daily weight gain of weaned piglets [55]. Chen W.T. et al. [56] found that melatonin promotes skeletal muscle growth in pigs by regulating lipid metabolism and reducing fat deposition in muscles.

Cao Y. et al. [57] found that high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animals can impair oocyte quality, while peroxynitrite increases ROS levels in pig oocytes and induces oocyte l’apoptose.melatonin can effectively remove accumulated ROS in oocytes, prevent peroxynitrite-induced oocyte maturation failure, and improve reproductive performance in sows.Additionally, melatonin can reduce the toxicity of certain substances and mitigate leur effects on germ cell development. For example, melatonin can inhibit defects in pig oocyte meiosis induced by aflatoxin A [58] and alleviate the toxic effects of zearalenone on early embryonic development in pigs [59].

3.4 Applications of melatonin in other animal production

Melatonin has also been widely applied in the production of other economic animals.Gu Zilin et al. [60] implanted different doses of melatonin subcutaneously in the necks of French-American synthetic rabbits and found that subcutaneous implantation of 3.5–7 mg of melatonin could enhance the growth rate of young rabbits, increase fur density, and advance the market-ready slaughter time of commercial rabbits by 20 days.Huang Dongwei et al. [61] found that subcutaneous implantation of melatonin in the neck region increased summer fur production in male rabbits and effectively inhibited hair follicle cell l’apoptose. Prepartum melatonin implantation in does also significantly increased offspring hair follicle density and improved fur quality [62].

N ° de catalogue M. Hashem et al. [63] fed melatonin powder to pregnant does and found that the total number of follicles increased, the number of absorbed fetuses decreased, and the weight of fetal sacs and fetuses significantly increased in the experimental group. The number of offspring and the birth weight of kits also increased, with the best effect observed when melatonin was administered in the second week of pregnancy.Additionally, melatonin can promote the proliferation of deer antler cartilage cells and inhibit leur late apoptosis [64]; it can improve the growth performance of small lobsters [65]; and it can enhance the fineness and straightness of alpaca wool fibers, demonstrating significant wool-promoting effects [66].

Melatonin also improves reproductive performance in other animals. Adding 25 μmol/L melatonin to in vitro maturation medium effectively enhances the in vitro developmental capacity of single-humped camel oocytes [67]; a single injection of melatonin in dogs increases testicular blood flow and improves semen quality [68].Furthermore, the research results of A. Gáspárdy et al. [69] indicate that melatonin levels in mares increase prior to parturition and reach a peak during foaling, further confirming that melatonin is indeed closely associated with animal production and reproduction.

4 Applications of melatonin in immune regulation in animals

As early as the 1990s, melatonin was already being used to treat immune suppression in humans caused by stress or trauma [70-71].In recent years, due to the complete ban on the use of veterinary antibiotics in animal husbandry and the severe hazards posed by veterinary drug residues to livestock, humans, and global ecological health, many researchers have been dedicated to identifying or developing safe and harmless alternatives to veterinary antibiotics. Such alternatives must not only meet the requirements for maintaining or enhancing animal immune function but also prioritize safety as a key consideration. Therefore, exploring the immune-related effects of melatonin during the production cycle of animal husbandry is highly necessary.

Cows suffering from mastitis result in an excessive number of somatic cells in milk, which affects milk quality and causes significant economic losses. Yang M.H. et al. [72] found that after melatonin treatment, the number of somatic cells in milk decreased, while albumin content and the activity of alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase increased, thereby improving milk quality.When melatonin was implanted into pregnant ewes, the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and immunoglobulin in lambs within 2 days postpartum increased, and the antioxidant capacity of colostrum from the ewes was enhanced, effectively mitigating the adverse effects of stress on newborn lambs [73].

C. B. Moore et al. [74] found that administering melatonin to turkey chicks via drinking water from hatching to 28 days of age promoted both humoral and cellular immunity, with increased spleen weight and body weight compared to the control group.Additionally, melatonin is an important component of the endocrine-immune system interaction in fish and plays a significant regulatory role in the immune system of fish [75].

5 résumé et perspectives

Melatonin possesses multiple important biological functions, enabling it to play an indispensable role in regulating various systems of the animal body. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies on the effects of melatonin on animal production performance and achieved certain research results.

Most research results indicate that, as a popular alternative to veterinary antibiotics, melatonin can enhance the yield and quality of animal products such as meat, eggs, milk, and fur while maintaining its original biological functions. It also participates in the regulation of the animal immune system, promoting the stable development of livestock and other economic animal farming industries.

However, most studies have only scratched the surface of melatonin's mechanisms. While melatonin has positive effects in animal husbandry, its specific mechanisms for enhancing livestock production performance remain unclear, and its potential broader effects on pets or other non-mammalian animals are unknown. Therefore, targeted research into the mechanisms and utilization efficiency of melatonin in animal husbandry production can maximize its positive effects, thereby enhancing the quality and quantity of animal products.

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